EV Battery Supply Chain Sustainability: Life Cycle Impacts and the Role of Recycling

This report explores the different life cycle emissions associated with different battery chemistries, and consequently, the varying strategies that should be pursued to reduce those emissions. This includes a focus on the role of recycling in reducing the need for primary critical minerals supply, as well as how international trade of second-hand EVs can have implications for recycling strategies. The report concludes with recommendations for policy makers.